The Journal of Experimental Life Science

Optimization Methods and Food Safety Consideration of Edible Film: A Mini Review

Meita Putri Delima, Simon Bambang Widjanarko, Tunjung Mahatmanto — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Conventional food packaging plastics harm the environment due to their non-biodegradability, resulting in the accumulation of microplastics. Edible films present an eco-friendly packaging alternative capable of extending the shelf life of food products. These biodegradable films may be derived from natural biopolymers such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids. This mini-review explores the optimization techniques for edible film production and their safety in food applications. The information may be used to select effective optimization methods and appropriate safety tests for edible film formulation. Optimization methods, like Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD), may enhance the properties of edible films and reduce production costs effectively. However, studies advise against using mixture designs for edible films containing more than three ingredients. To ensure safety, edible films must be made using materials that are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) and comply with regulatory standards set by the Food Drug Administration (FDA). From an applied perspective, toxicity tests (in vitro or in vivo) may be performed to evaluate the health implications of edible films and offer a more comprehensive view of their benefits and limitations in food packaging.

Keywords: Edible Film, Food Safety, Optimization method.

Phytochemical Profiles, DPPH Radical Inhibition Effectiveness, and Cytotoxic Potential of Polyherbal Plants in T47D Cell Line

Nadia Wahyuningsih, Sri Rahayu, Muhaimin Rifa’i — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Breast cancer subtypes include luminal A, luminal B, HER2, triple-negative, and normal-like. Antioxidants, ROS, and cancer have a close relationship. Cancer cells exhibit an elevated ROS level, which can be used for selective cell-based therapeutic targeting. Therefore, developing potential therapeutic potential therapeutic options is crucial. Herbal medicine has gained much interest in treating cancer. Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana), cumin (Nigella sativa), turmeric (Curcuma longa), soursop (Annona muricata), and meniran (Phylanthus niruri) potentially have a role as anticancer agents and were used as alternative medicine. This study aimed to determine the phytochemicals total content, DPPH radical inhibition, and cytotoxicity of the polyherbal plants to the T47D cell line. The antioxidant analysis was conducted using DPPH assay, and the phytochemicals analysis was determined using total flavonoid (TFC), phenolic (TPC), and alkaloid (TAC) content. The cell viability assessment was performed using the WST-1 method. The antioxidant analysis revealed that the IC₅₀ value of polyherbal medicine is 213.65 µg.ml^-1. The phytochemical analysis showed that the highest content is the flavonoid compared to others, with a value of 138.986 mgQE.mg^-1. Other than that, the cell viability assessment showed that the IC₅₀of the herbal medicine is 480.8 µg.mL^-1. These findings indicated that combining turmeric, cumin, meniran, Indian jujube, and soursop has moderate cytotoxicity against the T47D cell line since it can reduce T47D cell line viability at high doses.

Keywords: antioxidant, breast cancer, herbal medicine, phytochemicals, T47D cell line.

Integrated Pest Management Model with Natural Enemy and Pest-Harvesting

Muhammad Luthfi, Agus Suryanto, Isnani Darti — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to develop a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of pests, natural enemies, and refugia plants within the framework of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The model integrates biological control through predation, mutualistic relationships between natural enemies and refugia plants, and mechanical control through pest harvesting. The proposed model is then analyzed dynamically to study its qualitative behavior. It has been shown that the solutions of the proposed model are non-negative and finite, demonstrating the biological feasibility of the model. We also analyze the local stability of the equilibrium point to gain insight into the system's long-term behavior and to identify conditions that allow effective pest control. We show that the model has seven feasible equilibrium points, but only four of them are stable under certain conditions. In particular, the pest-free equilibrium point is conditionally stable, indicating the potential for effective pest control. Finally, we perform several numerical simulations to confirm the results of our analysis, especially the stability of the four stable equilibrium points. This study provides insight into integrating biological and mechanical strategies in pest management, emphasizing the importance of ecological interactions for sustainable agriculture.

Keywords: integrated pest management, local stability, natural enemy, numerical simulation, refugia plant.

Isolation of Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria from Rhizosphere of Sugarcane Plantation as Candidates for Biofertilizer

Altayib Hasan Mohammed Ahmed Bin Yahmed, Irfan Mustafa, Farida Rahayu — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Exploration of nitrogen-fixing bacteria as a sustainable alternative to conventional fertilizers is important in agriculture. The study aims to isolate and characterize the potential nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) from soils of several sugarcane fields in East Java. Specifically, the bacteria were isolated from sugarcane fields in Blitar, Ngawi, and Glugur Malang. Soil samples were collected, and NFB were isolated using an Nfb medium. Next, the ability of these isolates to fix nitrogen in a liquid medium was evaluated by measuring the ammonium released after different incubation periods (24, 72, and 120 hours). The study obtained five potential isolates that grew well on the agar medium and changed the medium’s pH. Significant growth and pH increase at the liquid medium were observed across the isolates over time. This rise in pH was not always attributed to the ammonia production by those NFB. Only two isolates released ammonia at detectable concentrations as much as 1.13 mg.L^-1 and 1.40 mg.L^-1, respectively. Hence, isolates C and D were selected as potential NFB for application in replacing synthetic nitrogen fertilizer.

Keywords: biofertilizer, environmental sustainability, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, rhizosphere.

Pulmonary Function Disorders in Crews of Purse Seine Fishing Vessels

Monalisa Manuputty, Johanna Matakupan, Richard Latuhihin — Sat, 01 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The working environment with chemical factors on fishing vessels is related to exhaust gases produced from the combustion process when the engine is operating. The chemical content of exhaust gases includes Carbon monoxide (CO) and particles in the form of dust. Unwittingly, exposure to these exhaust gases enters the crew's respiratory system while working and can cause lung problems. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of dust and CO variables, working period, and discipline in the use of masks on pulmonary function disorders in purse seine crews. This cross-sectional descriptive study began by distributing questionnaires about the working environment conditions with chemical factors and the discipline of using masks to 45 crew respondents. Then, the levels of dust and CO on the ship were checked. The lung function performance was also checked on the crews. The data obtained were analyzed using the Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis method. The results of pulmonary function examinations on crews showed that 71.62% of respondents had pulmonary function disorder. The results of data analysis based on the relationship between variables showed that dust and CO variables had a significant effect on pulmonary function disorders. Variables of working period and discipline on using masks also affect pulmonary function disorders directly or as moderator variables from dust and CO variables.

Keywords: CO, Dust, Pulmonary Function Disorders, Purse seine.

The The Effect of Gamma Irradiation on In Vitro Explant Growth, Shoot Multiplication, and Plantlet Regeneration Explants Bulbil of Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume)

Sat, 01 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is a tuberous plant that contains glucomannan as an alternative in reducing obesity. It is widely traded, but it is cultivated through conventional methods and takes a long time. In vitro mutagenesis technique with gamma irradiation is expected to increase the production of superior porang. This study aims to determine the effect of gamma irradiation on explant growth, shoot multiplication, and plantlet regeneration on in vitro culture. The doses of gamma irradiation, i.e. 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 gamma rays (Gy). Explants bulbil were precultured for 14 days on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) 3 mg.L^-1 before irradiation. The irradiated explants were then cultured on media containing MS supplemented with α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) 0.1 mg.L^-1 and BAP 3 mg.L^-1 for 4 and 8 weeks of culture. Plantlet regeneration media was MS supplemented with NAA 0.1 mg.L^-1 for 4 weeks of culture. The results showed that a dose of 10 Gy gamma irradiation was able to inhibit explant growth (0.06 g), shoot multiplication (0%), and plantlet height (0.38 cm), while gamma irradiation at a dose of 6 Gy increased explant growth (0.16 g), shoot multiplication (40%), and plantlet height (5.60 cm). The lethal dose 50 (LD₅₀) of gamma irradiation for explant survival rate is 8.79 Gy.

Keywords: Amorphophallus muelleri, explant growth, gamma irradiation, in vitro, plantlet regeneration, shoot multiplication